Mindfulness in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

The combination of inattentive, impulsive, and/or hyperactive behavior that occurs at school, at home, and/or in social situations and that interferes with daily functioning are symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Adverse effects of ADHD may vary throughout childhood, from excessive motor restlessness in preschoolers, feeling different or being rejected by peers in primary school, to, for instance, low self-esteem, increased risk of academic failure, or substance abuse in adolescent years. In addition to the core symptoms of ADHD, the majority of these children suffer from comorbid conditions such as oppositional, conduct, depressive, or anxiety disorders. A large number of these children are prescribed medication for ADHD and comorbid disorders. This is an untenable situation given the adverse effects of medication in many children and adolescents with ADHD. This chapter describes how the practice of mindfulness could perhaps be an effective non-pharmacological option for children with ADHD and their families. Overall, the evidence base of promising effects of the practice of mindfulness for children and families with ADHD seems to be building gradually, with overall medium-sized effects in the reduction of core symptoms of ADHD and similar effects on parental stress and parental functioning.