European minority languages: endangered or revived?

A diagnosis is offered of language learning factors that contribute to the revival of European minority languages. In this paper four frameworks will be discussed.
[1] The theory of Reversing Language Shift (Fishman 1991, 2001). The "family-home-neighborhoodcommunity-nexus" is the central stage for language learning in the GIDS-scale of degrees of 'disruption' of minority language communities.
[2] The Euromosaic study (Nelde, Strubell and Williams 1996), is a comparative study of minority language groups in the European Union. It offers a theoretical framework which gives a central place to reproduction and production of language groups through language learning as first and as second language. An important outcome is the ranking of language groups.
[3] The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of the Council of Europe (1998). The Charter provides a formal division into social fields which are relevant for the promotion of learning of minority languages.
[4] The Unesco Ad hoc expert group on language endangerment (2003) has proposed a set of nine factors to assess the vitality of a particular threatened language, where continued language learning is of crucial importance.
These four approaches will be compared on the dimension of language learning.