Paradoxes of migration and development

This chapter argues why and how migration should be conceptualised as an intrinsic part of broader processes of development and social change, instead of the antithesis of development as dominant discourses hold. When societies go through various economic, cultural, technological, political, and demographic transitions associated with ‘development’, this leads to increasing levels of internal and international out-migration. Low-income societies generally have lower emigration levels because poverty tends to constrain people’s movement. Development leads to more instead of less migration because it increases people’s capabilities and aspirations to move. The paradox of development-driven emigration hikes shows the inability of conventional push–pull and neoclassical models to explain migration as well as the need for a new vision of migration as part of broader development. Migration is shaped by development in origin and destination societies and contributes to further change in its own right. However, the embeddedness of migration in broader social transformation and development processes also means that its potential to affect structural change is fundamentally limited. This shows the logical fallacy of narratives that cast development as a ‘solution’ for perceived migration problems, or that cast migration and remittances as a panacea to solve fundamental development problems.