Value-promoting concepts in the health sciences and public health

In this paper, I explain how concepts, methods, and values are entangled. While the argument can be applied widely across the sciences, I focus here on the sciences of health and disease, and on public health. I will argue, on top of well-established arguments, not only that scientific methods and concepts are value-laden, but also value-promoting, and so any normative questions cannot be asked at the end or outside of the scientific process, but should be an integral part of it. Ultimately, this is to provide an argument for the urgent need to synergistically combine epistemology and ethics, in public health as well as in other scientific and policy contexts.