Decoding B cell responses to SARS-COV-2 Insights from immune dynamics and monoclonal antibodies

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), first identified in late 2019, rapidly escalated into a global health crisis, ultimately culminating in the COVID-19 pandemic. This unprecedented event profoundly impacted nearly every aspect of our society, from public healthcare systems to global economies.
This thesis investigates the human humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2, with a focus on the dynamic interaction between B cells (and the antibodies they produce) and this novel virus. We detail how this interplay has not only shaped individual immune protection but also driven the virus’ evolution through selective pressures, contributing to the emergence of novel variants with distinct antigenicity and immunogenicity profiles. Furthermore, we discuss how advances in the understanding of humoral immunity have accelerated the development of effective vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics, playing an essential role in the global response to the pandemic. Lastly, this work reflects on the key lessons learned from COVID-19 and considers how these insights can inform future strategies for improved preparedness and rapid response in the face of emerging zoonotic viral outbreaks.