Second Language Acquisition and Neuroplasticity Insights from the Dynamic Restructuring Model

Learning a second language (L2) have been shown to trigger structural brain adaptations. However, available evidence reported effects in various brain regions and in different directions. Here we discuss the available evidence on the structural brain changes brought about by L2 learning and use within the framework of the Dynamic Restructuring Model. We look at the relevant evidence from various groups of L2 learners, including training studies, through the prism of experience-dependent neuroplasticity. We argue that the structural brain effects brought about by L2 acquisition and training are likely conditioned by the quantity but also by the quality of bilingual training and experiences. These changes are dynamic but when the quality and quantity of L2 experiences is considered, regular patterns can be detected. This approach aims to offer a unifying explanation to seemingly variable patterns documented in previous studies on structural brain changes induced by L2 acquisition.