The Structural Challenges of Transnationalizing the China-led BRI: The Case of Pakistan
| Authors |
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| Publication date | September 2026 |
| Journal | Journal of Developing Societies |
| Volume | Issue number | 42 | 3 |
| Pages (from-to) | 415-463 |
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| Abstract |
This study uses a (geo-)political economic theory to explore and analyze how the China-led Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has been implemented in Pakistan, mainly by the Chinese state and state-led enterprises, resulting in some socio-economic progress. It examines the implications and structural challenges of the China-led BRI in Pakistan at the domestic, geopolitical, and geo-economic levels, focusing on 2013–2023 within the broader timeframe of 2000–2023. However, the sustainable success or failure of the BRI in Pakistan depends on: (a) Pakistan’s resolution of its domestic structural crises, including political, socio-economic, and ethno-religious conflicts; and (b) favorable geopolitical developments in South Asia, where the main competitive power projections are between the United States and China.
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| Document type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Related publication | China’s capitalist industrial development and the emergence of the Belt and Road Initiative China’s rise and the question of hegemony and world order The China-led Belt and Road Initiative and Its Reflections The Geopolitical Economy of the China-Led Belt and Road Initiative in the Central and West Asian Countries of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey Brazilian Perception of the China-Led Belt and Road Initiative Why Did China’s Rise Succeed and Iran’s Fail? The Political Economy of Development in China and Iran |
| Published at |
https://doi.org/10.1177/0169796X251369694
(Final published version)
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The Structural Challenges of Transnationalizing the China-led BRI
(Final published version)
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