The problem with the price equation

In this paper, I will argue that the generality of the Price equation comes at a cost, and that is that the terms in it become meaningless. There are simple linear models that can be written in a Price equation-like form, and for those the terms in them have a meaningful interpretation. There are also models for which that is not the case, and in general, when no assumptions on the shape of the fitness function are made, and all possible models are allowed for, the regression coefficients in the Price equation do not allow for a meaningful interpretation. The failure to recognize that the Price equation, although general, only has a meaningful interpretation under restrictive assumptions, has done real damage to the field of social evolution, as will be illustrated by looking at an application of the Price equation to group selection. This article is part of the theme issue 'Fifty years of the Price equation.