Dealing with the complexity, uncertainties and risk of mega-projects: redundancy, resilience and adaptivity

Projects can be defined in two ways: the ‘temporary organization that is created for the purpose of delivering one or more products’ and the ‘product such as a piece of transport infrastructure which is the result of the process of preparation and implementation’ (Murray, 2009, p. 3).Thus, a project can be defined as a process and as a product. In both definitions the ultimate goal of a project is to create value for the stakeholders, with the content of the term ‘value’ being different for the various stakeholders(Achterkamp and Vos, 2008). When we talk about mega-projects first of all we have the products in mind. When we talk about project management we think of the temporary organization and the process.