Evidence for a compact jet dominating the broad-band spectrum of the black hole accretor XTE J1550-564

The black hole X-ray binary XTE J1550-564 was monitored extensively at X-ray, optical and infrared wavelengths throughout its outburst in 2000. We show that it is possible to separate the optical/near-infrared (OIR) jet emission from the OIR disc emission. Focussing on the jet component, we find that as the source fades in the X-ray hard state, the OIR jet emission has a spectral index consistent with optically thin synchrotron emission (alpha approximate to -0.6 to -0.7, where F-v proportional to v(alpha)). This jet emission is tightly and linearly correlated with the X-ray flux; L-OIR,L-jet proportional to L-X(0.98 +/- 0.08) suggesting a common origin. This is supported by the OIR, X-ray and OIR toX-ray spectral indices being consistent with a single power law (alpha=-0.73). Ostensibly the compact synchrotron jet could therefore account for similar to 100 per cent of the X-ray flux at low luminosities in the hard state. At the same time, (i) an excess is seen over the exponential decay of the X-ray flux at the point in which the jet would start to dominate, (ii) the X-ray spectrum slightly softens, which seems to be due to a high-energy cut-off or break shifting to a lower energy and (iii) the X-ray rms variability increases. This may be the strongest evidence to date of synchrotron emission from the compact, steady jet dominating the X-ray flux of an X-ray binary. For XTE J1550-564, this is likely to occur within the luminosity range similar to(2 x 10(-4)-2 x 10(-3)) L-Edd on the hard-state decline of this outburst. However, on the hardstate rise of the outburst and initially on the hard-state decline, the synchrotron jet can only provide a small fraction (similar to a few per cent) of the X-ray flux. Both thermal Comptonization and the synchrotron jet can therefore produce the hard X-ray power law in accreting black holes. In addition, we report a phenomenological change in the OIR spectral index of the compact jet from possibly a thermal distribution of particles to one typical of optically thin synchrotron emission, as the jet increases in energy over these similar to 20 d. Once the steady jet is fully formed and the infrared and X-ray fluxes are linearly correlated, the spectral index does not vary (maintaining alpha =-0.7) while the luminosity decreases by a factor of 10. These quantitative results provide unique insights into the physics of the relativistic jet acceleration process.