Practical Approaches to Overcome the Challenges of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography

Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC) is a powerful technique for separating highly complex samples. However, the proliferation of this technique is hindered by a range of challenges, including the possible impact of the additional separation on the detection sensitivity, concerns that mobile phase incompatibility problems will limit the applicability, and the complexity of the system and associated method development costs. This article addresses these issues and describes how modern modulators and software tools are overcoming the barriers associated with this technique.