Bubbles in the brain Improving care in cerebral air embolism

Cerebral air embolism (CAE) occurs when gas bubbles enter the arterial or venous circulation of the brain, potentially obstructing blood flow and leading to cerebral injury. Although relatively rare, it is most recognized in divers as cerebral arterial gas embolism (CAGE), resulting from a drop in ambient pressure during ascent that may cause pulmonary barotrauma and allow gas to enter the pulmonary veins and travel to the cerebral arteries. In addition to diving-related cases, gas can also unintentionally be introduced into the bloodstream during various invasive medical procedures. This thesis explores key uncertainties surrounding CAGE, with a focus on iatrogenic cases and experimental research to improve understanding of its clinical presentation, treatment strategies, and underlying mechanisms.