Cardiovascular risk and prevention Predicting the future to optimise the present

This thesis focuses on improving the prevention of cardiovascular diseases through accurate risk assessments and effective interventions. Cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attacks and strokes, are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Modifiable factors such as lifestyle changes and medication can significantly reduce an individual’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
In Part I (Predicting the Future), the thesis validates the current 10-year risk prediction model for cardiovascular diseases, which is effective for individuals aged 40-70 but underestimates risks for those over 70. Notably, while men are generally at higher absolute risk, the risk for women increases more significantly with age. Therefore, using long-term health predictions is crucial for timely and adequate treatment to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
In Part II (Optimising the Present), the thesis explores ways to optimise preventive measures, including medication use, lifestyle adjustments, and government interventions. The majority of patients post-heart attack do not adhere to healthy lifestyles or optimal medication, potentially losing over seven additional years of healthy life. Patient preferences highlight the need for support in improving sedentary lifestyles, obesity, and stress management. The thesis summarises current evidence on how healthcare providers can assist patients with lifestyle changes. Government measures that can promote healthier choices are emphasised.
In conclusion, this research underscores the need for improved cardiovascular risk assessments, optimised use of lifestyle interventions and medications, and better integration of patient preferences in preventive decision-making. These strategies aim to enhance preventive treatments, ensuring an optimised present based on accurate lifetime risk assessments and individual treatment benefits.