Katanga Swahili and Heerlen Dutch: A sociohistorical and linguistic comparison of contact varieties in mining regions

This article compares sociolinguistic and structural outcomes of language
contact processes in two mining areas on two different continents,
namely the Katanga region in the southeast of what is now the DR Congo,
Africa and Heerlen as centre of the former Eastern Mine District in the southeastern province of Limburg in the Netherlands, Europe. Several similarities
between these two regions make this comparison interesting. Both in Katanga
and Heerlen, the natural copper and coal resources were located in border
regions that were peripheral to central seats of government. In both regions,
the exploitation of these resources, the growth of mining industries and rapid
urbanization, began in the same period, the late nineteenth to early twentieth
centuries. Despite being located on different continents – Africa and Europe –
similar social conditions of language contact were responsible for the genesis of
the language varieties underground and above ground. The language contact
situations in Limburg and Katanga both resulted in structural innovation of
Dutch and Swahili respectively. The most interesting innovation we identify in
both cases can be characterized as the regularization of grammatical properties,
and the expansion of aspect marking.